Deferred Action for the "Dreamers" -- Youthful Illegal Aliens

17th June 2012 at 07:20 PM

I have received a lot of questions from people on the new policy announced by the White House on 15 June, 2012, what they refer to as “Reform for the Dreamers.” Essentially, what is being addressed is those people who are below the age of 30, came into the US before they were 16, and have been here for five years.  So the idea is the people who are illegally here and were here at a relatively young age, we want to protect.

And the policy as announced by the President is motivated by the fact that these folks have come here, they’ve studied hard, they’ve worked hard, and they came not because they wanted to come, but because they came as a child, and they had no control over where they were.

Let me make one thing very clear at the outset.  This program does nothing for people who are legal residents or immigrants or temporary residents of the United States.  It does nothing if you are legally in the USA and your children are here legally in the USA, it does nothing for you.  Stop listening if that's what you are interested in.  But if you want to know more about the law and how it is shaping up, I will tell you more as best as I can based upon our knowledge as it exists today.

So the idea here was that you want to protect those people who came here without their own volition, without their own desire.  They are here because their parents are here.  And the President said that he wanted to step in and take care of these folks because this is not a new effort.  It was started as early as six years ago.  I know it because we were very actively involved at one point in this process as well.

The President talks about six years ago, the unlikely trio John McCain, Ted Kennedy, and President Bush had come together to champion this so called “Dream Act,” but, unfortunately, according to the President, the Republicans blocked it in the Senate.  So the idea here is that the President wanted to step in and do whatever he could without involvement of Congress.  So remember, Congress passes laws, whereas the Executive Branch of government, which is the President and all the agencies underneath the President, including DHS, USCIS, etc., all of them implement and execute the laws.  When you are implementing something or executing something, remember that your authority is limited.  You cannot create new rights.  You cannot create more laws.  Because of that, the President made it clear and USCIS made it clear that we are not creating any permanent entitlement.

What we are going to do is this:  if you meet the criteria, we will give you temporary residence in USA for two years.  It carries no other rights except the right to work.  The details would be implemented within 60 days, so let me get to that document.  This is probably the most informative document to date.  These are the Frequently Asked Questions that the government has put out.

The duration of the deferred action is for a period of two years, subject to renewal.

What does deferred action basically mean?  It means, “We will not deport you, we will not remove you, and we will not send you outside USA.”  That does not create any new rights.  It does not make you a permanent resident.  It does not make you even a legal non-immigrant, like an H-4 or E-2 visa holder.  It does not give you anything substantive.  It basically gives you the right not to be deported until government changes its mind, and they can change their mind right away.  There is nothing in law that says they cannot change their mind.  The use of prosecutorial discretion confers no substantive right.

It does not make you legal in the USA.  They want to begin implementing the process within sixty days of June 15, and the rights are available immediately, but they will start orderly implementation within 60 days.

Then they talk about who is eligible.  The individual must have come to the USA under the age of sixteen; must have been here five years before the date of this memorandum (which is June 15th, 2012); must currently be in school or have graduated from high school or have obtained a general education development certificate (GED) or be an honorably discharged veteran of the Coast Guard or Armed Forces of the US; and must have not been convicted of felony offense.  No felony.  If there is even one felony, you can't qualify for this.  Also, you can’t be convicted of a significant misdemeanor offense, and they define what significant misdemeanor offense means.  Also, you can’t be convicted of multiple misdemeanor offenses or otherwise pose a threat to national security or public safety.  So if you have a criminal background or have a history of being a threat to national or public safety, you will have a problem.  And you must not be above the age of thirty.

Then they talk about what is deferred action.  They define it.  It basically means, “We will not send you out.”  It does not mean whatever unlawful presence you have already accrued gets washed away.  What does that mean?  In a very basic manner, once your I-94 expires or you enter US without inspection, if you come through the border without being inspected in other words (for example, a coyote brought you to USA), the fact that you are getting deferred action now does not mean all your past problems are washed away.  So be very careful.  Do not think that, because unlawful presence of one year will bar you from getting any kind of status in USA for ten years unless you qualify for a very narrowly tailored waiver.  It is very difficult to get a waiver on something like that.  Just because you are getting a differed action now does not mean that all the past “sins” and infractions have been washed away.  They are still there.  Those violations are not going to go away.

You will receive employment authorization and remember that deferred action can be terminated anytime.  Then they talk about how they are going to implement them.  Individuals who are not in removal proceedings (meaning you are in the immigration court right now), some people who are in removal proceedings will be treated differently.  One classification is individuals who are not in removal proceedings or who have already been ordered to be removed (meaning their proceedings are over and the judge has said, “Okay.  You need to be removed.  You need to be sent away.”)  Those people will be treated little bit differently.  Individuals who are still in proceedings will be treated differently.  So they have these various methodologies that they are going to come out with.  We still do not know all the details yet, but they will be treating these people differently, but all of these folks will have the right to get their work authorization and deferred action as long as they meet those four to five criteria that I have mentioned earlier.

Another thing that the government mentioned was that the people who they have already identified, they are automatically giving them deferred action without having to apply.  So basically the government is acting upon its own accord.  There is a lot of information in this Frequently Asked Questions document.  I will attach that document to this little conversation that I have here.

Then they talk about what kind of documentation you need to show that you came to USA before the age of 16, that you have resided here for five years, and that you were physically present in the US as of June 15, 2012.  They said provide us financial records, medical records, school records, employment records, military records, but that is not the only thing.  You can give anything that you think tends to prove your presence in the USA that will help you.

So now this where they talk about what they consider a significant misdemeanor offense.  First of all, a felony is anything that is punishable by more than one year in prison, according to this definition.  So anything that is punishable by more than one year in prison, if you have been convicted of that, you do not qualify.  You also can’t have a significant misdemeanor and they define it here.  A significant misdemeanor is a federal, state, or local criminal offense punishable by no more than one year of imprisonment and, even if no imprisonment-- that is the key point-- even if there is no imprisonment-- but involves violence, threat, assault, domestic violence, sexual abuse or exploitation, burglary, larceny, fraud, driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, obstruction of justice, bribery, or unlawful flight.

So there is a whole list of things that, if you have been convicted of, even if they were a misdemeanor, you will not qualify.  And if you have three misdemeanors, you will not qualify at all.   And they talk about what threat to public safety is.  It is, for example, gang membership, participation in criminal activities, or participation in activities that threaten the Unites States. 

What if my case is not approved?  Can I ask for an appeal?  The answer is no.  You cannot get an appeal, but they will set up a public procedure where you can ask the supervisor of the case officer who decided your case to look at the case again and decide.

Do my dependents or immediate relatives get benefit?  No.  This is only for you, the person who qualifies.  

Can I travel outside United States?  The answer is, “We have not decided that yet.”  I will be very careful with that, because, if you are subject to unlawful presence and you have been here over a year under unlawful presence, travel outside USA could bar you for ten years.

I hope this gives you some information on what you need to do and what this is all about.  Feel free to post a message here if something is not clear.

Good luck, folks.

Hello, everyone.  This is Rajiv S. Khanna for the Law Offices of Rajiv S. Khanna, P.C, immigration.com.  We are discussing with some of our clients the issue of what to do now that the H-1 quota has expired.  What are my options?

Well we can look at the options two ways or three ways.  Actually, there are several variables.

Variable one:  Can I continue to work?  The answer is yes, if you have the STEM extension option.  In this case, we are working towards 17 months of the STEM extension anyway.

What is the STEM extension?

Some people who are F-1 OPT can get further 17 months of OPT if they are in the discipline of Science, Technology, Engineering or Mathematics (STEM).  Any one of these disciplines, if you are in STEM, you can get a further 17-month extension.  

So can you continue to work?  One way is STEM extension.  If that is not an option, some people go back to school and they get something called CPT (Curricular Practical Training).  That is an option that I don’t advise.  Why?  Because this option has come under the gun.  USCIS has become very suspicious of it because the regulations say, if somebody wants to get a CPT by going back to school in the first semester itself, then the curricular practical training, the CPT, must be integrally related to the education.  In other words, you cannot really get a good education without that CPT and because of the “misuse” or the perceived misuse that government sees, they have come down hard upon universities that have been giving CPTs too liberally.  So CPT has become a suspect option, unless you are going to join a university that is well-recognized, a good university, or a good school that is fully accredited.  And I actually have a video on our website, our blog, on how to see if the school is accredited.  (http://www.immigration.com/media/eb2-green-card/accreditation-distance-…)

So 17-month STEM extension, CPT not recommended, but possible.  You can, of course, go back to school and stay until you are ready to file for the H-1 again.  If you have an option, for example, if your spouse is on H-1, you can convert to H-4, or L-2 if your spouse is on L-1.  That would be another option.  One option is to go back to your home country if the work can be outsourced to you.  It is perfectly legal for you to work for your employer from your home country and they can pay you either as an independent contractor or on a project basis or even as an employee.  You can work out the details with your CPAs, but that is certainly a possibility.

Now the last option that I see is there is a very fine distinction between what jobs are quota and what jobs are quota-exempt.  The interesting thing is the way that the government looks at it is even though the employer is a quota employer, but if the job is quota-exempt, you are not subject to the quota.  Let’s take an example of a quota-exempt job.  If you are working for a university in a research position or any academic position, you are quota-exempt.  But what if your employer places you to work in a university research facility?  Because the job is quota-exempt, that H-1 will be quota-exempt, even though your employer is a quota employer.  So look for a job that is quota-exempt.  That’s another possibility.

Those are the options as I see them.

Question--How do they go about applying for a STEM extension?

The way it works is the company that you are working for has to agree to be e-verify compliant.  That means they open an account with the government office for being an e-verify company.  You sign a bunch of contracts with them and you say every person that we hire, we will run them through the e-verify program, which is basically a way of ensuring that they have proper authorization to work in the US.  For larger companies, I would probably be reluctant to go e-verify, especially if you are a multi side company that has its own problems, so we need to assess that very carefully.  For smaller companies and one-side companies, it’s much easier to go through e-verify.  It’s not a problem.  E-verify basically involves agreeing to go through verification of every employee you hire from now on.  You have put them on the e-verify database. 

To get the STEM extension, they don’t have to go back to school.  They notify the school office, and the school issues new paperwork based on their existing paperwork.  They don’t have to go back to school.

If you already have your STEM extension, after that expires, you could take classes for CPT, work from your home country, try to convert to a spousal visa, find a quota-exempt job, or wait for next year’s quota.

One more question that people have asked me.  Is it okay for me to volunteer?  What if I want to work, but I don’t want to get paid for it?  I don’t want to lose all this experience that I have.

The answer is that that’s risky.  However, the way it works is, if the person volunteers, let’s assume they’re on H-4.  They work, but they neither expect to be paid nor do they have any benefits coming to them.  Health insurance, for example.  Then, it’s okay to volunteer.

Can You Do Business In the USA on Your Current Visa?

Hello, everyone.  This is Rajiv S. Khanna for the Law Offices of Rajiv S. Khanna, P.C, immigration.com. 

You can post comments and questions on immigration.com.  I usually respond within three or four days, sometimes a week.  I’m going to answer one of the questions someone asked us on immigration.com. 

Can I start a business on an H-1 visa?

The bottom line is yes, as long as you are in a situation where, even though you are working for your own company, somebody in the company can file.  It must be a true employer/employee relationship.  How does that work?  What if you have a board of directors or if you have a CEO to whom you report, even though you are a stockholder or maybe even you even have majority of stock in the company, but somebody in the company can file, you’re okay.  USCIS has indicated that is their present stance.  You must have an employer/employee relationship if you want to be able to start your own business on H-1.

In addition to that, remember H-1 is for a specific employer.  So if you want to have a concurrent employment with your own company or you want to change companies and go over full time to your own company, you can do that, but you have to process a H-1, either a concurrent H-1 or a successive H-1.  One of the things you need to remember is, if you own majority stock in the company, or if you have influence over the management of the company, it will be very difficult if not impossible for you to do a Green Card through PERM through your own company.

Where does that leave us?  There’s a whole history behind this H-1.  I won’t go through the history.  USCIS has gone up and down.  “You can do it.”  “You cannot do it.”  There is a whole history behind this.  But the bottom line today is, you can do it, but it definitely requires some in-depth consulting with a lawyer.  Make sure you are not getting into a situation which is going to hurt your stance.

Here is another question I get asked. 

I have an EAD through 485.  Can I now start my business?

Sure.  On the side, you can, as long as you don’t leave your current job.  But, remember, you will then no longer be on H-1.  You will be on EAD if you start working for your own company.

I actually have a whole list of visas.

Can I do business on E-2?

Yes, of course.  E-2 visas, which are treaty investor visas, are meant to do business.  E-1, treaty trader, the same thing.  But only a few countries in the world have a treaty with the United States to do E-1/E-2 visas, so you have to make sure that the country you come from has that.

If I’m here on a tourist visa or a B-1, which is called a business visa, can I do business?

The answer is, you can negotiate contracts, you can shake hands, and you can even set up a company, but, if you actively participate in business, you are violating the terms of B visa.  B-1, which is the business visa, is a misnomer.  You start thinking, I have business visa; maybe I can start a business.  But you can’t do it on B-1.

Can I start a business on F-1 visa?

Of course not.  You are a student.

What if I am on my optional practical training and I have my F-1 EAD? 

Maybe, but only for the time you have the EAD.  Again, that is something to be explored.  Don’t just jump into it.  Make sure you understand the ramifications of what you’re doing.

What about on a G visa?

On G-4, of course, the primary applicant of G-4 is engaged in working for a multinational organization such as the World Bank or the IMF.  They cannot do business, but what about their dependents?  I haven’t looked into it specifically.  I suspect that they can, because they do get an EAD and that EAD is not confined to a specific purpose, but I would have to check on that.  I’m just speaking off the top of my head.  I was primarily answering the H-1 question, but I want to share with you what I know.  So, G-4, probably yes. 

H-4?  Absolutely not. 

H-1?  As long as you can be fired. 

I visa?  No. 

J-2 visa?  Yes, as long as you have an EAD.  

K visa?  K visas are all work authorized, so, yes, you can do business. 

L-1?  No, because you’re working for a company.   

L-2?  Yes, because you get an EAD. 

M Visa?  No.

I went through the whole gamut, just to give you a rough idea; more so, to sensitize you to who can and who cannot do business.

Thank you for listening.

Hello, everyone.  This is Rajiv S. Khanna for immigration.com, the Law Offices of Rajiv S. Khanna, P.C.

I wanted to talk with you folks about requirements for naturalization for people who get their Green Card based upon employment and then have to stay outside USA for a certain period time.  Many of the criteria here are common to people who have obtained their Green Card through any other method such as through marriage or through political asylum.  Pretty much, it is the same law.  But I want to focus primarily on people who have gotten an employment-based Green Card, because those are the inquires I receive the most and I don’t want to miss anything, because N-470 typically does not apply to people in non-employment situations, except for missionaries.  I’ll get to that in a second.

So, first of all, let’s look at the requirements for somebody to get naturalized in USA.  What are the normal requirements?

Right here.  You must have received your Green Card approval five years ago.  Actually, it is a little bit more complicated than that.  You can apply 90 days before your 5th year anniversary of Green Card.  In case you got your Green Card through marriage, then it is three years, when you are married to a US citizen.  After that, you must have stayed in USA for at least 30 months physically.  2 ½ years.  Half the time.  You should not have visited outside USA for a year or more.  If you go outside USA for a year, your Green Card is gone.  It’s difficult to get it back.  Not impossible, but what you will have to do if you end up staying for a year or more outside USA is, you will have to go to the consulate and convince them that you have not abandoned your US permanent residence, your Green Card, and you can do that by a process called SB-1 (Returning Resident Permit).  I’m not going to go into that in too much detail, but just to give you an idea.  If you are outside USA for one year or more, for naturalization purposes, you have to start your five years all over again, except in the following two circumstances, I-131 and N-470, which are these.  I’ll get to that in a second as well.

So, physical presence of 2 ½ years, no visit outside USA for  a year or more, any visit outside USA for six months or more but less than one year, you have to explain.  Why were you gone that long?  So this is for people who have not filed these special forms called I-131 and N-470.  I also want to make a quick note about I-131 and N-470.

What is I-131?

It’s the same form you used for filing for Advanced Parole when you are in need of Advanced Parole during your Adjustment of Status.  It’s also the same form used for protecting your Green Card through a process called Reentry Permit.  So you use your 1-131 to apply for a Reentry Permit, which is typically given for two years at one go, and you can get that extended, depending on the circumstances.  Basically, the I-131 tells the government, “Look.  I am not abandoning my permanent residence.  I am just going outside temporarily.”  Once you file the I-131, things change for naturalization purposes.

Did you stay outside USA for one year continuously?

If you did, ordinarily, if you had not filed I-131, you would have to start five years all over again, if you have not lost your Green Card.  You could have even lost your Green Card.  But, if you had filed your I-131, you don’t lose your Green Card, and you also get a respite of one year.  When you come back, you have to establish your US residence for four years and one day instead of five years and apply after you have accumulated physical presence in USA for 2 ½ years.  It gives you one year off from those five years.  That’s an added advantage of I-131.  It protects your Green Card as much as humanly possible.  There’s more to it.  I would always advise you to talk with a lawyer before you take any steps of going outside USA for an extended period of time.  It also shortens the time of five years that you would have to otherwise accumulate for naturalization.

Did you stay outside USA for one year continuously after I-131?

If the answer is no, then these same requirements that apply to normal people will apply to you.  Physical presence of 30 months, no visit outside USA for a year or more, six months or more will have to be explained.

Then comes N-470.

N-470 is one of those tricky strange forms.  It’s applicable to a certain group of people.  I would strongly encourage you to read up on the instructions on N-470.  They’re pretty informative.

The way this works is, if you’re going to work for a US company abroad and, again, I am talking about employment context.  There are other reasons N-470 can be filed.  Read the instructions.  What  N-470 does is it allows you to stay outside USA for a year or more and not have a break that will restart your five years all over again.  Let me explain.  Let’s say I file I-131 and N-470.  I do it together.  Usually, in most cases, we do both forms together.  When you file I-131 and N-470 together, let’s say you stayed outside USA for 1 ½ years.  Normally, when you come back, you have to start that five-year period all over again, because you were outside USA for one year or, in case of I-131, you have to start the four year, one day period all over again.  But N-470 says, “We forgive your stay outside USA for one year or more for naturalization purposes.  We don’t forgive your requirement of 30 months of physical presence.”  But it stops the discontinuity that would normally restart the five-year clock or the four year, one day clock after having stayed outside USA for one year.  It is a clock-stopping device.  It is a very good device.  One problem though.  N-470 has one strange requirement.  You must have at least one year anywhere during your stay in USA as a Green Card holder where you did not travel outside USA for even for one day.  Makes no sense to me.  I don’t know why it is there, but it’s there.  Go figure, but keep that in mind.

I hope this has been informative.  I had told one of our posters.  Somebody had posted a comment on immigration.com wanting to know more about this.  And I told him that I’ll record something, but I’ve had some technical issues.  They’re working on our website developing some new material that will make it easier for us to post our videos.  I hope to be doing this a lot more, and I’ll continue to do so.

Thank you for being here.  I hope to speak with you very soon.

6 May 2015: We are noticing a VERY disturbing trend: USCIS seems to have reverted back to the position (or are in the process of reverting back) that priority date will be lost if the I-140 is revoked, even if revoked by the employer, not USCIS.

Hello, everyone.  This is Rajiv S. Khanna for immigration.com, the Law Offices of Rajiv S. Khanna, P.C.

I am very pleased to report this morning that I saw a news report from USCIS Nebraska Service Center teleconference on April  12, 2012, that clarified you can carry forward the Priority Date from one I-140 approval to another 1-140 approval for another employer, even if the old employer revokes the I-140.  USCIS has flip-flopped on this issue several times.

Let me first bring you to the news.  Right here it says.  If you look at the question number two.  The answer is, both centers adhere to retaining the earlier priority date, unless the I-140 was revoked for fraud or willful misrepresentation.  So the idea here is this:  even if you go from Employer A to Employer B, and Employer A revokes the I-140 approval, the Priority Date is yours to carry forward to any employer you like--B,C,D,E--unless the employer A’s I- 140 was revoked for fraud or misrepresentation.

The history of this interpretation is strange.  A few years ago, this was the position.  USCIS always said you can carry the Priority Date forward.  A couple of years ago, they started saying, “No, you cannot.”  We had several cases in which they raised this issue, so anybody who has had this issue decided against them can actually go back and file a motion to reopen/reconsider.  I advise you to think about this very carefully.  You could actually go back and ask USCIS for the Priority Date to be carried forward if they had earlier denied it.  There’s  a whole lot of people who went through this.  File a motion to reconsider.  Then USCIS started saying, “Well, you cannot do it.”  

Now they are back to their old, very good interpretation, which is in line with Congressional intention for AC-21, where Congress wanted to create room for people to leave their jobs and move on to other jobs because Green Cards were taking so long.  So Congress said, “We’ll put in AC-21.”  That will make it easier for employees to change jobs without losing their Green Card benefits.

This is excellent news, folks.  Once again, I am summarizing it for you.  You can carry your Priority Date forward, even if the old I-140 is revoked, unless the I-140 is revoked for some fraud or some willful misinterpretation.

One more thing I wanted to add.  This is not good for H-1.  Don’t think that if the I-140 is revoked, you can still use it for H-1 extensions.  You cannot.  If you want H-1 extensions beyond six years, you’ve got to have something else going.  You cannot rely on the revoked I-140.

That’s all I have to say on this issue.  I will speak with you folks soon.

Thank you for listening.